Introduction to Montessori free essay sample

Q1. Discuss the life and works of Dr. Maria Montessori and why is she referred to as a lady much ahead of her time? If education is always to be conceived along the same antiquated lines of a mere transmission of knowledge, there is little to b hoped from it in the bettering of man’s life. For what is the use of transmitting knowledge if the individual’s total development lags behind. Dr. Maria Montessori . Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori (Italian pronunciation: [ma? ria montes? s? ri]; August 31, 1870 – May 6, 1952) was an Italian physician and educator best known for the philosophy of education that bears her name, and her writing on scientific pedagogy. Her educational method is in use today in public and private schools throughout the world. Contents 1 Life and career 1. 1 Birth and family 1. 2 1883–1896: Education 1. 3 1896–1901: Early career and family 1. 4 1901–1906: Further studies 1. 5 1906–1911: Casa dei Bambini and the spread of Montessoris ideas 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Montessori or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 6 1909–1915: International recognition and growth of Montessori education 1. 7 1915–1939: Further development of Montessori education 1. 8 1939–1946: Montessori in India 1. 9 1946–1952: The last years 2 Educational philosophy and pedagogy 2. 1 Early influences 2. 2 Scientific pedagogy 2. 3 Casa dei Bambini 2. 4 Further development and Montessori Education today 3 Montessori Method 4 Works . Birth and family. Montessori was born on August 31, 1870 in Ancona, Italy. Her father, Alessandro Montessori was a conservative military man. Her mother, Renidle Montissore was an educated and liberal lady and supported Maria’s educational pursuit. She got chance to have education throughout Italy because of her father’s frequent transfers. 1883–1896: Education Montessori entered a public elementary school at the age of 6 in 1876. Montessori entered a secondary, technical school Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti by the time she graduated in 1890 with a certificate in physics–mathematics, she had decided to study medicine instead, an even more unlikely pursuit given cultural norms at the time. University of Rome—Medical school. Montessori moved forward with her intention to study medicine, but was strongly discouraged. Nonetheless, in 1890, she enrolled in the University of Rome in a degree course in natural sciences. This degree, along with additional studies in Italian and Latin, qualified her for entrance into the medical program at the University in 1893, she was met with hostility and harassment from some medical students and professors and her father. Despite opposition of many years, Montessori graduated with highest honors from the University of Rome in 1896 as a doctor of medicine and holds the title of being the first lady doctor in the history of Italy. She found employment as an assistant at the University hospital and started a private practice. 1896–1901: Early career. From 1896 to 1901, Montessori worked with and researched so-called phrenasthenic children—in modern terms, children experiencing some form of mental retardation, illness, or disability. She also began to travel, study, speak, and publish nationally and internationally, coming to prominence as an advocate for womens rights and education for mentally disabled children. Work with special children. After graduating from the University of Rome in 1896, Montessori continued with her research at the Universitys psychiatric clinic, and in 1897 she was accepted as a voluntary assistant there. As part of her work, she visited asylums in Rome where she observed children with mental disabilities, observations which were fundamental to her future educational work. She also read and studied the works of 19th-century physicians and educators Jean Marc Gaspard Itard and Edouard Seguin, who greatly influenced her work. Maria was intrigued with Itards ideas and created a far more specific and organized system for applying them to the everyday education of children with disabilities. When she discovered the works of Jean Itard and Edouard Seguin they gave her a new direction in thinking and influenced her to focus on children with learning difficulties. Also in 1897, Montessori audited the University courses in pedagogy and read all the major works on educational theory of the past two hundred years. Public advocacy. In 1899 Montessori was appointed a councilor to the newly formed National League for the Protection of Retarded Children, and was invited to lecture on special methods of education for retarded children . She joined the board of the National League and was appointed as a lecturer in hygiene and anthropology at one of the two teacher-training colleges for women in Italy. Orthophrenic School. In 1900 Montessori was appointed directed of the new Orthophrenic School, a medico-pedagogical institute for training teachers in educating mentally disabled children with an attached laboratory classroom. During her two years at the school, Montessori developed methods and materials which she would later adapt to use with mainstream children. The school was an immediate success, attracting the attention of government officials from the departments of education and health, civic leaders, and prominent figures in the fields of education, psychiatry, and anthropology from the University of Rome. The children in the model classroom were drawn from ordinary schools but considered uneducable due to their deficiencies. Some of these children later passed public examinations and Montessori startled the world. 1901–1906: Further studies In 1901, Montessori left the Orthophrenic School and her private practice, and in 1902 she enrolled in the philosophy degree course at the University of Rome. She also pursued independent study in anthropology and educational philosophy, conducted observations and experimental research in elementary schools, and revisited the work of Itard and Seguin, translating their books into handwritten Italian. During this time she began to consider adapting her methods of educating mentally disabled children to mainstream education. Montessoris work developing what she would later call scientific pedagogy continued over the next few years. In 1903 and 1904, she conducted anthropological research with Italian school children, and in 1904 she was qualified as a free lecturer in anthropology for the University of Rome. She was appointed to lecture in the Pedagogic School at the University and continued in the position until 1908. Her lectures were printed as a book titled Pedagogical Anthropology in 1910. 1906–1911: Casa dei Bambini and the spread of Montessoris ideas. In 1906 Montessori was invited to oversee the care and education of a group of children of working parents in a new apartment building for low-income families in located in the worst slum district of Rome. Montessori was interested in applying her work and methods to mentally normal children, and she accepted. The name Casa dei Bambini, or Childrens House, was suggested to Montessori, and the first Montessori house opened on January 6, 1907, enrolling 60 children between the ages of two or three and six or seven. At first, the classroom was equipped with a teachers table and blackboard, a stove, small chairs, armchairs, and group tables for the children, and a locked cabinet for the materials that Montessori had developed at the Orthophrenic School. Activities for the children included personal care such as dressing and undressing, care of the environment such as dusting and sweeping, and caring for the garden. The children were also shown the use of the materials Montessori had developed. ] Montessori herself, occupied with teaching, research, and other professional activities, oversaw and observed the classroom work, but did not teach the children directly. Day-to-day teaching and care were provided, under Montessoris guidance. In this first classroom, Montessori observed behaviors in these young children which formed the foundation of her educational method. She noted episodes of deep attention and concentration, multiple repetitions of activity, and a sensitivity to order in the environment. Given free choice of activity, the children showed more interest in practical activities and Montessoris materials than in toys provided for them, and were surprisingly unmotivated by sweets and other rewards. Over time, she saw a spontaneous self-discipline emerge. Based on her observations, Montessori implemented a number of practices that became hallmarks of her educational philosophy and method. She replaced the heavy furniture with child-sized tables and chairs light enough for the children to move, and placed child-sized materials on low, accessible shelves. She expanded the range of practical activities such as sweeping and personal care to include a wide variety of exercises for care of the environment and the self, including flower arranging, hand washing, gymnastics, care of pets, and cooking. She also included large open air sections in the classroom encouraging children to come and go as they please in the rooms different areas. She felt by working independently children could reach new levels of autonomy and become self-motivated to reach new levels of understanding. Montessori also came to believe that acknowledging all children as individuals and treating them as such would yield better learning and fulfilled potential in each particular child. She continued to adapt and refine the materials she had developed earlier. She began to see independence as the aim of education, and the role of the teacher as an observer and director of childrens innate psychological development. Spread of Montessori education in Italy. The first Casa dei Bambini was a success, and a second was opened on April 7, 1907. The children in her programs continued to exhibit concentration, attention, and spontaneous self-discipline, and the classrooms began to attract the attention of prominent educators, journalists, and public figures. In the fall of 1907, Montessori began to experiment with teaching materials for writing and reading—letters cut from sandpaper and mounted on boards, moveable cutout letters, and picture cards with labels. Four- and five-year-old children engaged spontaneously with the materials and quickly gained a proficiency in writing and reading far beyond what was expected for their age. This attracted further public attention to Montessoris work. Three more Case dei Bambini opened in 1908, and in 1909 Italian Switzerland began to replace old methods with Montessori in orphanages and kindergartens. 1909–1915: International recognition and growth of Montessori education. As early as 1909, Montessoris work began to attract the attention of international observers and visitors. Her work was widely published internationally, and spread rapidly. By the end of 1911, Montessori education had been officially adopted in public schools in Italy and Switzerland, and was planned for the United Kingdom. By 1912, Montessori schools had opened in Paris and many other Western European cities, and were planned for Argentina, Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Switzerland, Syria, the United States, and New Zealand. Public programs in London, Johannesburg, Rome, and Stockholm had adopted the method in their school systems. Montessori societies were founded in the United States (the Montessori American Committee) and the United Kingdom. Highest recognition and awards . Maria Montessori was pictured on the Italian 200 lire coin and through the 1990s on the 1000 lire bill. Montessori for the Noble Peace Prize thrice. Italian 1000 Lire banknote (approx. 0. 52 â‚ ¬) representing Maria Montessori Montessori’s Death. She left the world in the Netherlands in 1952, but would always stay alive as she lives as an immortal through her method, which has helped and would continue to help children of all ages to be better human beings. She lived in old days but was definitely â€Å" A WOMAN MUCH AHEAD OF HER TIME†

Weathering, Erosion and the Transport of Rock Materials essays

Weathering, Erosion and the Transport of Rock Materials essays Weathering can be considered as the breakdown of rock to form sediment. It is also regarded as the physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rocks and minerals at or near the earth's surface. The three main types of weathering are physical weathering, mechanical weathering, and chemical weathering. Mechanical weathering is the physical breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller pieces that retain the chemical composition of the parent material. (Body from which the weathered material originated.) Once again, under mechanical weathering, there are other processes that take place such as: Frost action simply involves water creeping in rock crevices and freezing. Where the ice formed expands, it wedges itself into these crevices. This is known as Frost wedging. E.g. Talus slope, Lost River, West Virginia, USA. When ice thaws, it causes parts of the rock to be dislodged from the main body. Thermal expansion and contraction are to do with the volume of the minerals in rocks changing (expanding and contracting) in response to cooling and heating. Another important factor here is that darker minerals absorb heat faster than lighter ones. Pressure release or exfoliation would be the removal of pressure of deep burial, when rocks underneath the surface undergo immense pressure from the earth's interior heat forcing them to push through surface material breaking into leaves and sheets along joints which parallel to ground surface. E.g. Stone Mountain, Georgia, USA. Organisms such as burrowing plants and animals (rodents, worms, reptiles, etc...) also participate a lot in weathering. They construct channels through the soil mixing soil and sediment particles, allowing water and gas to go through. The roots of plants, trees and large bushes would be a nuisance in that they would force their way th ...

Staff Planning Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Staff Planning - Term Paper Example In the food and retail industry the man power requirement is high and also there is requirement for manpower in manufacturing, operations, customer service, distribution, marketing and accounting. Our current requirement of manpower is on the basis of our new opening in the city. The current manpower requirement is 45 staffs, 15 – customer service, 15 – distribution and marketing, 10 – accounting, 5 – operations (which includes 1 Public Relations staff). For this we require skilled and trained manpower in the respective departments. The selection of a right candidate is the most complicated task in an organization. It is important to recruit the right candidate at the right time and right place and for the right job in order to achieve organizational goal. Staffing is a very important activity in an organization and should be done according to the requirements in the organization. There are various strategies to recruit the appropriate applicants. On behal f of my company when I am selecting the right candidate, I would prefer not only the educational qualification but the person’s experience and moral status to find out whether he is competent to job. â€Å"Employee selection processes are critical to hiring a superior staff† (Employee Selection, 2011). ... For example, various departments have various requirements. For a manager post in ‘Customer care department’ it is better to demand an experience between 3 to 6 years. These years of experience will make candidates expert in this field and he shall have a good idea about the particular department and would be able to take timely decisions according to the decisions provided by the marketing department. For a managerial post in the operations department a person needs to be a good planner and organizer. He should be a good organizer and should be able to manage both men and materials. The manager should bring together all factors of production in a place and he should organize the activities of employees to achieve the organizational goal. The person should have a work experience of 7-8 years in the industry and understand the industry’s competitors and represent the firm to the public. For the PR department it has been advised by our HR representatives and staff t o appoint a female candidate who can represent the firm to the Media. There are several legal compliances, which have to be followed in the recruitment of people in organizations, most of which are related to the employment laws that exists in the state. â€Å"The Department of Labor’s Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) evaluates employment practices for federal contractors† (Harpe & Mendez 2011). Recruitment is always been an area, where most of the companies backfire in establishing good faith attempt. This often is owing to the lack of communication and direction to recruiters concerning placement goals. Recruitment frequently contains: Formatting the best plans for finding applicants and making gripping job advertisements. Screening the candidate’s resumes and phone

Business and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and society - Essay Example It encourages operating a business in a way that meets the ethical, legal and social expectations of the society. The concept results in situations where organizations contribute voluntarily to make the society better and clean. The organizations integrate ethical values in the running and management of the company. Most business companies have the obligation of creating employment for the society members as a social responsibility. The expectations of the society have evolved over time to include the needs of all stakeholders. Corporations have the obligation of providing quality and safe products to their customers (Buchholtz & Carroll, 29). At the global level, they are required to meet the expectations of investors, human rights individuals, and environmentalists. At a country level, stakeholders include the government, employees, and suppliers among others. The government expects companies to pay taxes and provide safe working conditions for employees. The workers expect to get numerous benefits from the enterprise. These advantages include the provision of health care services for them and their families. Supplies expect ready market for the products they offer to the organization. Organizations have to commit to improving the economic development of the society by improving the lives of its stakeholders. Companies play a significant role in the enhancing the welfare of the community and its members. Stakeholder management improves the efficiency and effectiveness of research projects. Research projects are crucial to companies because they can put innovative ideas into reality. Living wages is an essential component to most corporations dealing in corporate social responsibility. Most stakeholders avoid the main aspects of social justice, and it permits them to look good without doing the public good. Firms are entitled to account

Ethical, Legal and Professional Duties of Nurses

Ethical, Legal and Professional Duties of Nurses Introduction: Nurses are subject to a large number of ethical, legal and professional duties which are so many to be discussed in this essay so that is why only main important ethical and legal duties will be discussed in this essay. According to the scenario, these main ethical and legal duties will be respect of patients autonomy and the duty of care which is given to all the patients. These duties are professional and legal in New Zealand and even all over the world which when breached can lead to legal implications. These duties are ethical duties as well because ethical considerations arise when these duties are breached, considerations such as when can these duties be contemplated, so there for these duties are ethical duties as well. In this essay, the whole critical discussion will be about the professional, ethical and legal issues that arise according to the given scenario. According to nursing council of New Zealand, nursing profession is bounded by its own code of ethics. Ethics is defined as the branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality, that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, justice, virtue, etc. In this critical discussion, Autonomy will be the main aspect, autonomy of patient and judgement of health professional in betterment of the patient. The competencies and codes related to the above scenario according to nurse perspective are that the nurses should act ethically maintaining the standards of practice and nurses should respect the rights of the clients. These codes used in this scenario actually mean that a nurse should acknowledge and allows the individuality of a person, should act in a culturally safe manner, should use knowledge and skills for the benefit of the patients, nurse is responsible for maintain standards in her professional practice and should practice in her own scope of practice. A registered nurse is actually defined as the person who uses nursing knowledge and critical nursing judgement to assess health needs of a patient so that the best health care can be provided and advises people to self manage their health. In this scenario, the patient states the pain score as 8/10 after three hours of having morphine and the doctor thinks the patient has become dependent on morphine. Being a nurse one should ask the patent to wait for another hour so that he can have another dose of morphine and then nurse should assess if the patient is actually dependent on morphine or he is actually in pain. As a nurse, she needs to have courage, honesty and should maintain the advocacy role. In this scenario, it is very critical to decide that if the patient has become dependent on morphine or is it the doctor who thinks the patient has become dependent, being a registered nurse; one should maintain the autonomy of the patient keeping the standards of health care provided to the patient. Autonomy refers to the human capacity for self-determination and independence (Journal of clinical oncology:2001). Autonomy has two aspects, one from the nurses view and another one from patients perspective, so n this essay we will discuss autonomy issues from perspectives of nurse and the patient. In this case Mr. S is making constant requests for having 40mgs of morphine which is prescribed to him every 4hours PRN. He also states that the morphine is not actually relieving his pain and after three hours of having morphine he asks for another dose. Doctors think that the patient has become dependent on morphine so the doctors prescribe him for a placebo of normal saline instead. There is a case study which is concerning about issues in autonomy of patients which is mainly focused on nurses perception of patients autonomy and category of regaining autonomy in patients. The autonomy of patients is usually affected by circumstances such as family, health care provider, community etc. It is believed that the autonomy issue can only be resolved by a team effort, which can include processes of health education, self management etc (Proot et al: 2002). The main point of concern in this scenario is that the patient is given a placebo instead of the morphine, so that the patient would not ask for morphine again and again. The justification for giving placebos is that in the judgement of the giver, the act is beneficial to the patient (Rumbold. G, 1999). This point has both positive and negative impacts on the patient and on the health practitioners and the nurses. This is also according to Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 that the patient should be safe.The Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 provides a framework for the regulation of health practitioners in order to protect the public where there is a risk of harm from the practice of the profession (Ministry of health: 2010). The positive point is that if the patient has become dependent on the morphine, which is not good according to the patients health, which is why prescribing a placebo would be a better alternative for patients health. This is t he good point of this scenario according to the nurses perspective as the nurse would always work for the better health of the patient which can only become positive results for them instead of them being dependent on any medication. There is another positive point according to the nurse perspective which could be a main concern that the patient is demanding morphine repeatedly to make him feel satisfied and relieved from pain, but according to the nurses assessment, the patient feels satisfied and relieved mentally but that is not true, actually the patient has become mentally stuck that morphine s the only medication which can heal his pain. So, giving him placebo is a better option. There are some negative points as well. According to the New Zealand legislation, this action of nurses comes against The Human Rights Act 1993, which states that every individual has a right to know the truth. In this scenario, the patient is unknown of the fact that he has been administered for a saline instead of morphine. According to a nurse, the biggest ethical, legal and the professional issue here is autonomy of the patient. Autonomy is a very powerful aspect of ethical framework of almost all over the world. Autonomy is a concept found in moral, political, and bioethical philosophy (Autonomy: 2010, July). In these contexts, it refers to the capacity of a patient to make an informed decision. In moral and political philosophy, autonomy is often used as the basis for determining moral responsibility for ones actions (Autonomy: 2010, July). Autonomy means to respect rights of others to determine a course of action. So in this scenario, according to the right of autonomy based on standards of ethics, nurses should respect the patients decision and should respect of what they want. Health professionals have no right to deny patients decision. Nurses should respect patients decisions and their autonomy to develop a trustworthy and professional relationship. According to this scenario, the patients auto nomy should be respected as the patient states the pain score of 8/10 after three hours of having morphine. Mr. S has a right to decide if the morphine is relieving his pain or not and the health professionals are meant to respect his decision as patient is the person who is suffering from a very severe pain. Nurses should provide proper education to the patient and should inform about the consequences of having morphine repeatedly so that the patient can chose the best possible intervention for him. The patient also has the right to have the informed consent about any medication which is prescribed to him. If he is given an unknown medication without his consent, it comes against legal issues and can cause legal implications. In Mr. S case, if placebo of saline instead of morphine is administered to the patient without his consent, then he has the right of action to say that the medication was given to him without the consent and it can make legal implications. So, before prescribing or administering any medication to the patient, doctors or nurses should have full consent of the patient. Therefore informed consent is an ethical, legal and a professional duty of nurses and even every health professional. Consent is very effective in abiding ethical and legal duties. Sometimes, according to a nurse, it can be effective for a patient not being informed about the medication, to get positive outcomes for patients health. It is effective according to the nurse, but it is actually enabling patients decision and his condition. In some cases if a patient is unable to express what he wants, only then a nurse can decide what is best for the patient but a person like Mr. S, who can state his condition must be informed of the placebo of saline. The nurse has a duty to prevent the patient from anything worse happening to the patient but if the patient is not mentally ill, he/ she should have full right to take any decision for them. If the patient says that morphine is not relieving his pain it means that it is not really working for him. It is not good to say that the patient has become dependent on morphine. For example, if nurse administer Mr. S a placebo of saline instead of morphine, his pain can go worst which is not good for the patient and it is not the best practice of a nurse. The New Zealand legislation says that a person has a right to be informed and a right to have freedom. It is under Human Right Act of 1993 which when applied ensures that a person has a right to decide what they want without any interference of any other person. In this act there is a point of having informed medical treatment and a person has right to chose if they want the treatment or not. Ethical issues and changes in society are responsible for nurse-client relationship. The role of the nurse is to maintain clients autonomy, maintain and improve health and promote a professional relationship of trust. The key ethical principles of respect for persons, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and veracity should be inclusive in the models of the provider-patient relationship (Margret. M, 1998, para. 1 ). There are some contracts in nurse-client relationship which are boundaries, confidentiality and therapeutic nurse behaviours. Therapeutic nurse behaviours are self awareness, being genuine, respectful, culturally safe, responsible and ethical practice. These are the things which are expected from a nurse by a client and the society. All these contracts are applicable internationally. Nurses being culturally safe with clients have become the nursing practice more powerful. This concept of cultural safety was first introduced from New Zealand and is now used all over the world. Cultural safety is to keep own culture in mind and respecting others culture and practicing in the same manner. Conclusion In this essay, we looked at the case of Mr. S who is in severe pain and is in need of another dose of morphine. He states pain score of 8/10 and doctors think that the patient is dependent on morphine which he would never realise that is healing his pain or not. Mr. S condition successfully states the ethical, legal and professional issues that surrounds nurses and patients autonomy as patients need of morphine would be conveyed by the nurse to the doctor. Here patients condition has been critically discussed and the main influence is on patients autonomy and informed consent of the patient. Nurses roles and the code of ethics have also been discussed in the essay.

Diabetes Mellitus Essay -- Medical Research

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition which afflicts millions of people around the world. It is related to the insulin hormone, which is secreted by cells in the pancreas, regulates the level of glucose in the bloodstream and supports the body with breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. In someone who has diabetes, the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or cells don’t respond to the insulin that is produced. There are three main types of diabetes, type 1, type 2, and gestational. I will be discussing type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM, or juvenile diabetes’ consequences are from the body’s failure to generate insulin. It is an autoimmune disease distinguished by failure of the insulin producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas on the way to insulin shortage. Type 1 diabetes is of the immune-mediated nature, where beta cell loss is a T-cell mediated autoimmune attack. Most people are healthy, in a healthy weight, when the sudden onset of type 1 occurs. It can occur at any age, mostly young, hence â€Å"juvenile diabetes†. It has some connection to hereditary. Various factors contribute to type 1 diabetes as well as genetics and exposure to certain viruses. Signs and symptoms come on suddenly and include increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), extreme hunger (polyphagia), weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision. Some known risks are family history, genetics, and geograph y. Other possible risk factors include viral exposure, low vitamin D levels, and drinking water that has nitrates may increase the risk as well. The more common type is type 2 diabetes mellitus, also known as non-insulin-dependent ... ...list of support groups to assist in lifestyle adjustment and aid family in providing emotional support. Ninety-eight billion dollars is spent every year in the United States in order to treat diabetes. As there is still no cure, research hasn’t stopped. Just because a person has diabetes doesn’t mean their life has to be over. With proper management, diet, exercise, education and support, a person doesn’t have to be overtaken by diabetes instead take over diabetes. Control is key to the lifestyle adjustment that a diabetic patient needs. Works Cited Milchovich, S. (2011). Diabetes mellitus, a practical handbook. Bull Publishing Company http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/type-1-diabetes/ds00329. American diabetes association (2009). The uncomplicated guide to diabetes complications. 3rd edition http://www.drugs.com/diabetes-treatment.html

Intension to Use Mobile Banking in Myanmar

Htet Khine Soe Student of Graduate School of Business, Assumption University, Thailand Rawin Vongurai, Ph.D. Lecturer of Graduate School of Business, Assumption University, Thailand  Literature ReviewMobile banking is studied the most value-adding and necessary mobile commerce application (Baptista and Oliveira, 2015; Malaquias and Hwang, 2016; Chaouali, W., Souiden, N. and Ladhari, R. (2017)). Laukkanen and Kiviniemi (2010) defined mobile banking as â€Å"an interaction in which a customer is connected to a bank via a mobile device such as a cell phone, smartphone, or personal digital assistant†. Mobile banking services admit the customers to check account balances, transfer funds between account to account, and make mobile top-up bill and others payments. They have a huge potential market because of their always-on functionality and the option for customers can open their own mobile wallet accounts at anywhere of without needing to pay a visit to the bank.Perceived ease of use (PEOU)Davis (1989) described the perceived ease of use that â€Å"the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free of effort†. It is the terms which a customer believes that a system is easy to learn or use. This system is similar to the complexity system used in innovation diffusion theory (IDT) (Rogers, 1995). Mobile banking technology should be simple and easy for the customer to understand in order to enhance acceptance (Chitungo and Munongo, 2013; Mortimer, G., Neale, L., Hasan, S.F.E. and Dunphy, B. (2015); Koksal, 2016). The factors affects the complexity in mobile banking system such as navigation problems, a small screen size, and transaction issues. Venkatesh (2000) found the perceived ease of use by integrating internal control (computer self-efficacy) and external control (facilitating condition) into technology acceptance model (TAM). The other studies (Davis, 1986, 1989) also pointed that perceived ease of use can impact perceived usefulness because other item being equal the easier the technology is to use the more useful it can be. The research in mobile banking system shows that perceived ease of use has significant effect on perceived usefulness.Social influence (SI)The theory of reasoned action (TRA) and its additions (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975) require that human behavior is followed by intentions, which are designed based on an individual's attitude towards the behavior and perceived subjective norms. Venkatesh et al. (2003) represented subjective norms as social influence, which is derived from theories such as theory of reasoned action (TRA), theory of planned behavior (TPB), decomposed theory of planned behavior DTPB, TAM2, C-TAM-TPB, the model of PC utilization (MPCU), and image in IDT. Social influence mentioned an individual's perception of other people's opinions if he or she should perform a particular behavior. The studies of mobile banking adoption have shown a relationship between social influence and intention to use mobile banking (Laukkanen et al., 2007; Amin et al., 2008; Riquelme and Rios, 2010; Puschel et al., 2010; Sripalawat et al., 2011; Dasgupta et al., 2011; Tan and Lau, 2016).Computer self-efficacy (CSE)The derivation of self-efficacy is social cognitive theory (SCT) (Bandura, 1986). Self-efficacy expectation is the â€Å"conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcomes† (Bandura, 1977). Additional, â€Å"expectations of self-efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences† (Bandura, 1977). Self-efficacy belief is termed computer self-efficacy, which is termed as one's perception of his or her ability to use a computer (Compeau and Higgins, 1995). In the mobile banking, if the customer believes that he or she has the required knowledge, skill, or ability to operate mobile banking, there is a higher chance of trying to usage the service. Through this hypothesis, the study explores whether a customer has the self-confidence to use mobile banking. Previous studies have exposed empirical evidence of a causal link between perceived ease of use and self-efficacy (Luarn and Lin, 2005; Wang, Y.-S., Lin, H.-H. and Luarn, P. (2006); Sripalawat et al., 2011; Jeong and Yoon, 2013).Perceived financial cost (PFC)The cost incurred in conducting mobile banking could slow its adoption. In the mobile banking, the cost has been found to be a major barrier to adoption (Yu, 2012; Hanafizadeh, P., Behboudi, M., Koshksaray, A.A. and Tabar, M.J.S. (2014); Alalwan, A.A., Dwivedi, Y.K. and Rana, N.P. (2017)). The cost incurred consist of the initial purchase price, equipment cost, subscription charges, and transaction cost. Perceived financial cost is the extent to which a person believes that using mobile banking would be costlier than other options (Luarn and Lin, 2005).Security (S)Security is a serious concern when conducting financial transactions through electronic channels. Hence, this could be one of the main barriers to the adoption of mobile banking, as personal or financial information could be exposed and used for fraudulent activities. Kalakota and Whinston (1997) defined security as â€Å"a threat which creates circumstances, condition, or event with the potential to cause economic hardship to data or network resources in the form of destruction, disclosure, modification of data, denial of service and/or fraud, waste, and abuse†. Mobile banking contains more uncertainty and risk to the customer. In the mobile/wireless environment, security can be considered as the mobile payment-enabling application security, network security, and device security. The security mechanism of mobile banking has a positive effect on intention to use.Trust (T)Trust can be defined as the willingness to make one vulnerable to actions taken by a trusted party based on the feeling of confidence or assurance (Gefen, 2000). Masrek et al. (2012) defined trust in mobile banking as â€Å"the belief that allows individuals to willingly become vulnerable to the bank, the telecommunication provider, and the mobile technology after having the banks, and the telecommunication provider's characteristic embedded in the technology artefact†. Trust shows a significant role in the adoption of mobile banking, helping customers overcome the fears of security/privacy risks and fraudulent activities in the mobile channels (Gu et al., 2009; Zhou, 2011; Afshan and Sharif, 2016). Trust is improved by the security mechanisms provided by mobile banking services. Customers are more likely to trust the new service if adequate security is provided for their transaction data. The researchers such as Komiak and Benbasat (2004) have noticed trust from the emotional point of view and defined as the extent to which an individual feels secure and confident about relying on the trustee. Ennew and Sekhon (2007) have defined the trust as â€Å"individual's willingness to accept vulnerability on the grounds of positive expectations about the intentions or behavior of another in a situation characterized by interdependence and risk.† This definition combines both the emotional as well as cognitive dimensions of trust. Therefore, consumer trust could be described as a function of the degree of risk involved in the situation and it is basically needful only in uncertain situations.Behavioral intentions (BI)Intention is defined as a prediction of actual behavior in socio-psychological studies (Bagozzi, 1989). The studies evidenced that intention is a prediction of actual behavior. Bae (2014) point out that intentions are powered by a person's attitude, norms an d self-control. This study is founded Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior. The theory is used for behavioral intentions. It emphasize that a person's behavior is intentional is the result of attitude, subjunctive norms and self-control. Behavioral intention is also described as the extent to which users are willing to use a technology (Carlsson, Carlsson, Hyvonen, Puhakainen ; Walden, 2006). The subjective norm construct for behavioral intention is the most supreme antecedent (Ajzen, 1991). The theory of planned behavior (TPB) explains the purchase intention (Ajzen ; Madden, 1986). The theory of reasoned action (TRA) describes that performance of behavior is presented by the intention to carry out the behavior itself (Warshaw, 1980). The theoretical studies point out that intentions predicts a person's behavior. This view align with a context of BI to use customer intention of mobile banking system for this system.Research Framework and MethodologyResearch ObjectiveThis study proposed to identify the factors influencing acceptance and adoption of mobile banking systems in Myanmar and develop the behavioral intention to use the mobile banking in the Myanmar banking sector.Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual framework of the study is adopted from the theoretical framework of Intention to use mobile banking in India (Sindhu Singh and R.K. Srivastava, 2018). The framework using in this research to find the customer intention to use the mobile banking system in Myanmar. To these study the factors consists of self-efficiency, perceived ease of use and social influence and intention to use. The other factors included security, Trust, and perceived financial cost, which are recognized to influence mobile banking acceptance(Luarn and Lin, 2005; Lee et al.,2007; Zhou, 2011; Yu, 2012; Hanafizadeh et al., 2014; Afshan and Sharif, 2016). The bank customer has many digital payment system to use than mobile banking where these six constructs play an important role. The study aimed that if the mobile banking system is easy to use, customers have the self-confidence to use and it is secure, trustworthy system, and cheaper than other digital payment system, more customers will be willing to use mobile banking system. Thus, the conceptual framework is developed to study the factors of influencing to use mobile banking in Myanmar as shown in Figure 1.HypothesisThe hypotheses of this research based on the conceptual framework to find the relationship between Self-Efficacy, perceived ease of use, Social Influence, Security, Trust, perceived financial cost that influence the customer intention to use the mobile banking in Myanmar. There are four hypotheses in this study are as follow;H1:Self-efficacy has significant influence on perceived ease of value of mobile banking system.H2: Self-Efficacy (H2a), perceived ease of use (H2b), Social Influence (H2c), Security (H2d), Trust (H2e), perceived financial cost (H2f) have significant influence on intention to use mobile banking system.H3: Security has significant influence on Trust of mobile banking system.H4: There is a significant mean difference in monthly income level on intention to use mobile banking system.Reliability MethodologyThis research was conducted by performing the qualitative analysis for the adoption of mobile banking systems in Myanmar through a survey method. The survey was carried on in form of online and offline questionnaire to collect all required data. The convenience and snowball sampling techniques were used as non-probability sampling for the data collection. There are three parts of in questionnaire which are screening question, Likert scale and demographic. Measurement of Conceptual Framework and Variables The target respondent of this research were people who live in Myanmar and have used mobile banking system. The literature review was conducted to ensure that the model were appropriate for developing the conceptual framework and to understand all variables incorporated in this study. A five-point Likert scale was applied to test all hypotheses by ranking from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5) throughout this study to measure the hypotheses. Population and sample The research questionnaire was distributed through the online and offline based survey with 200 respondents answered to the survey. The questionnaires have been distributed using sampling techniques of the convenience and snowball methods in order to obtain the data. The people who live in Myanmar continuously 6 months and have used the mobile banking system were selected as target respondents for this study.Reliability TestThe reliability test and validity of the questionnaire was established the pilot test by distributing 30 respondents. Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient was considered to examine the reliability level of each group of items included in the questionnaire. The test result of independent variable is consistent the requirement standard with Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient higher than 0.6 (Cronbach, 1951). The Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient result in a range between 0.733 and 0.899 which is greater than 0.6. Therefore, the questionnaire developed for this study is fully achieved the standard required for reliability test. The result is shown in Table 1. Table 1:Consistency of the scales test (N=30)Variables Number of items Cronbach's AlphaPerceived ease of use (PEOU) 2 0.752Social Influence (SI) 3 0.733Computer self-efficacy (CSE) 2 0.789Security (S) 3 0.842Perceived financial cost (PFC) 3 0.748Trust (T) 4 0.836Behavioral Intention (BI) 4 0.899

Top 10 Books about Ecofeminism

Top 10 Books about Ecofeminism Ecofeminism has grown since the 1970s, blending and furthering activism, feminist theory, and ecological perspectives. Many people want to connect feminism and environmental justice but arent sure where to begin. Here is a list of 10 books about ecofeminism to get you started: Ecofeminism by Maria Mies and Vandana Shiva (1993)This important text explores the links between patriarchal society and environmental destruction. Vandana Shiva, a physicist with expertise in ecology and environmental policy, and Maria Mies, a feminist social scientist, write about colonization, reproduction, biodiversity, food, soil, sustainable development, and other issues.Ecofeminism and the Sacred edited by Carol Adams (1993)An exploration of women, ecology, and ethics, this anthology includes topics such as Buddhism, Judaism, Shamanism, nuclear power plants, land in urban life and Afrowomanism. Editor Carol Adams is a feminist-vegan-activist who also wrote The Sexual Politics of Meat.Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters by Karen J. Warren (2000)An explanation of the key issues and arguments of ecofeminism from the noted environmental feminist philosopher.Ecological Politics: Ecofeminists and the Greens by Greta Gaard (1998)An in-depth look at the parallel development of ecofeminism and the Green party in the United States. Feminism and the Mastery of Nature by Val Plumwood (1993)A philosophical - as in, Plato and Descartes philosophical - look at how feminism and radical environmentalism intertwine. Val Plumwood examines oppression of nature, gender, race, and class, looking at what she calls a further frontier for feminist theory.Fertile Ground: Women, Earth and the Limits of Control by Irene Diamond (1994)A provocative reexamination of the notion of controlling either the Earth or womens bodies.Healing the Wounds: The Promise of Ecofeminism edited by Judith Plant (1989)A collection exploring the link between women and nature with thoughts on mind, body, spirit and personal and political theory.Intimate Nature: The Bond Between Women and Animals edited by Linda Hogan, Deena Metzger and Brenda Peterson (1997)A mix of stories, essays, and poems about animals, women, wisdom and the natural world from an array of women authors, scientists, and naturalists. Contributors include Diane Ackerman, Jane Goodall , Barbara Kingsolver, and Ursula Le Guin. Longing for Running Water: Ecofeminism and Liberation by Ivone Gebara (1999)A look at how and why ecofeminism is born from the day-to-day struggle to survive, particularly when some social classes suffer more than others. Topics include patriarchal epistemology, ecofeminist epistemology and Jesus from an ecofeminist perspective.Refuge by Terry Tempest Williams (1992)A combination memoir and naturalist exploration, Refuge details the death of the authors mother from breast cancer along with the slow flooding that destroys an environmental bird sanctuary.

Free Essays on Alcholism

Alcohol abuse is a problem that seems to affect a large proportion of the population. This disease does not discriminate by color or sex. It only preys on those who choose to play Russian roulette and succumb themselves physically and emotionally. Those who feel that they can tempt the bottle without being bitten sometimes are not lucky enough to break away. Many times, those who are unfortunate enough to break their ties from alcohol abuse leave their next of kin with the same temptation. We are brought up to look forward to drinking alcohol. In which it is a problem that is socially overrated. It is a growing fad that is glorified and socially manipulated. From the beginning of birth, we have been brought up to think that drinking allows us to have a good time. Unfortunately, we are not taught that there are consequences of this so-called glamorous lifestyle. It has been noted that â€Å"alcoholism is genetic†¦.45% of alcoholism is caused by genetics, 60% by factors that we do not understand.† (Alcoholism Treatment, Dr. Robert R. Perkinson, URL: www .alcoholismtreatment.org). For example, â€Å"two identical twins are split at birth and raised in two different areas of the world. If one becomes an alcoholic, it is 40% likely that the other twin will also become an alcoholic.† (Alcoholism Treatment, Dr. Robert R. Perkinson, URL: www.alcoholismtreatment.org). Those who live with an alcoholic or have an alcoholic in their family are affected as well. These people tend to see drinking as a way to cope with problems, or believe that the abuse of alcohol is okay. These learned behaviors become a pattern that is repeated. It has been reported that â€Å"43% of U.S. adults have been exposed to alcoholism in the family: they grew up with, married an alcoholic, problem drinker, or had a blood relative who was ever an alcoholic or problem drinker.† (National Center For Health Statistics {NCHS}, Advance Data, USDHHS, No. 205... Free Essays on Alcholism Free Essays on Alcholism Alcohol abuse is a problem that seems to affect a large proportion of the population. This disease does not discriminate by color or sex. It only preys on those who choose to play Russian roulette and succumb themselves physically and emotionally. Those who feel that they can tempt the bottle without being bitten sometimes are not lucky enough to break away. Many times, those who are unfortunate enough to break their ties from alcohol abuse leave their next of kin with the same temptation. We are brought up to look forward to drinking alcohol. In which it is a problem that is socially overrated. It is a growing fad that is glorified and socially manipulated. From the beginning of birth, we have been brought up to think that drinking allows us to have a good time. Unfortunately, we are not taught that there are consequences of this so-called glamorous lifestyle. It has been noted that â€Å"alcoholism is genetic†¦.45% of alcoholism is caused by genetics, 60% by factors that we do not understand.† (Alcoholism Treatment, Dr. Robert R. Perkinson, URL: www .alcoholismtreatment.org). For example, â€Å"two identical twins are split at birth and raised in two different areas of the world. If one becomes an alcoholic, it is 40% likely that the other twin will also become an alcoholic.† (Alcoholism Treatment, Dr. Robert R. Perkinson, URL: www.alcoholismtreatment.org). Those who live with an alcoholic or have an alcoholic in their family are affected as well. These people tend to see drinking as a way to cope with problems, or believe that the abuse of alcohol is okay. These learned behaviors become a pattern that is repeated. It has been reported that â€Å"43% of U.S. adults have been exposed to alcoholism in the family: they grew up with, married an alcoholic, problem drinker, or had a blood relative who was ever an alcoholic or problem drinker.† (National Center For Health Statistics {NCHS}, Advance Data, USDHHS, No. 205...

Compensation Plan Outline (Wal-Mart) Assignment

Compensation Plan Outline (Wal-Mart) - Assignment Example Wal-mart is widely known for its vast range of chain stores that provides the world with the best and most affordable and accessible forms of technology. It is more so known to provide some of the latest stellar digital forms of technology and other appliances that are vital for human use. However, Wal-mart success has been hanging on the balance due to its recent controversy on its compensation plan. For sure this has not been a piece of cake and exasperating has it been for the company to retain back its lost glory. It is because of this that this paper is written to providing stellar corrective measures on compensation plan. Compensation management is the strategic process of aligning pay, incentives and benefits of employees with the organizational goals and objectives (Bhatnagar,  2004)). Compensation management further aims at linking an employee and the organization though an employment relationship in such a way that the Company achieves its objectives and strategy effectively whilst the employee gets to be compensated well for making it possible. An effective and fair compensation to the employees is thereby vital in steering the employees to the path of greater productivity and optimized output. Wal-mart Company based in United States is one of the top retail chain stores that were known to incorporate compensation plan as part of its policy. This was done through sub paying the workers whilst providing an insurance scheme for its employees. Even though one could term the insurance scheme as being the best package for the employees of Wal-mart Company, the process did not do much in increasing the Company’s profitability and productivity. Instead, a great number of Wal-mart employees felt deprived of what they would say were their own hard work. Actually, Wal-mart Company was providing insurance scheme as part of compensating the employees due to the advent of

Business In Asia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business In Asia - Research Paper Example The Asian Financial Crisis which happened during 1997 in stark continuation with the happening of the global financial crisis rendered significant implications on separate economies of Asia. The paper in this connection endeavours to understand the impacts of the Asian Financial Crisis on economies of Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. Japan entered the realm of financial crisis owing to the decline in the currency of Thailand. During the era of financial crisis, both the currencies of Asia and America became overvalued leading to mass scale investments in the region of Thailand. Investments which were driven to Thailand mainly catered to the development of construction industry leading to the rise of the property bubble. However, the situation of the financial institutions in Japan deeply worsened which lead to the region’s further dependence on international funds. As compared to the Japanese effect economic and financial situation of other economies like Taiwan and Singapore al so reflected similar slowdowns. The growth of the Asian Financial Crisis also leads to the final demise of economies like Indonesia and Southern Korea. The Asian countries like Malaysia, Thailand, the region of Hong Kong and the Philippines Islands were all swept by a huge recessionary wave. Further, the decline in the currencies of the Asian economies also made these economies highly dependent on foreign currencies making them equally expensive. Thus, the financial institutions of these Asian economies started finding it difficult to meet the debt of the external borrowings. (Moe, 2004, pp.231-232). Thus, it is found that the happening of the global financial crisis changed the face of the Asian economies. Leaving the Chinese and Taiwanese economies, the Gross Domestic Product of other Asian economies like Korea, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand and the like was adversely affected owing to the wave of global financial crisis. Several policy decisions were taken at the regional level to counter the growing effect of the financial crisis. The